ABSTRACT
The term Mobility as a Service (MaaS) refers to a single interface, fully integrated and customised transport service. Whilst the technological barriers to implementing MaaS are steadily being overcome, less is known about how the MaaS eco-system might evolve. This paper unpicks the MaaS concept in light of broader societal trends to suggest how it could evolve and offers insights for practitioners and policy makers. The paper draws on relevant literature, together with discussions with stakeholders, to better understand how MaaS has emerged. It then constructs four future MaaS market scenarios and identifies implications. It is concluded that current expectations of how the MaaS concept may evolve are limited in their understanding of how the transport system could change should MaaS be adopted on a wide scale. The major challenges for policy makers will likely relate to balancing the promised benefits offered with issues such as safety (including bio-safety in our post Covid-19 world), data security and privacy, equity and the threat of dominant suppliers distorting the marketplace. Together, these insights suggest that the MaaS reality may be messy and difficult to manage, and that future transport systems might look very different to now.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Air pollution is associated with poor asthma outcomes. High-efficiency particulate air air purifiers may reduce air pollution and thus improve asthma outcomes. However, the efficacy of such devices for this purpose remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of reducing the levels of pollutants on asthma outcomes in adults, using a novel Dyson high-efficiency particulate air air purifier. METHODS: In a single-center, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, participants (N = 50) were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to active filters (intervention) or to dummy filters (placebo) for a total of 78 weeks. The primary outcomes were the changes in Asthma Control Questionnaire 6 (ACQ6) and Asthma-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) scores from baseline. The secondary outcomes were changes in indoor air pollution and lung function measurements. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic limited spirometry measurements to 2 time points and assessment of fractional exhaled nitric oxide and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to baseline only. RESULTS: Air pollutant levels were significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the placebo group (P = .0003). Both groups had a significant improvement in their ACQ6 and AQLQ. However, there were no significant between-group differences in ACQ6, AQLQ, or spirometry, compared with baseline in multivariable repeated measures models. CONCLUSION: The Dyson air purifier significantly improved air quality. However, there were no significant improvements in asthma control, quality of life, or measures of lung function in the intervention group compared with the control group despite improvements in indoor air quality. Larger, extended studies are required to confirm or refute these findings, especially given that the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic prevented the procurement of detailed objective data. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04729530; ttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04729530.